Air Plan Approval; KY: Removal of Reliance on Reformulated Gasoline in the Kentucky Portion of the Cincinnati-Hamilton Area |
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Onis Glenn, III
Environmental Protection Agency
14 February 2018
[Federal Register Volume 83, Number 31 (Wednesday, February 14, 2018)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 6496-6503]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2018-03078]
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
40 CFR Part 52
[EPA-R04-OAR-2017-0389; FRL-9974-45--Region 4]
Air Plan Approval; KY: Removal of Reliance on Reformulated
Gasoline in the Kentucky Portion of the Cincinnati-Hamilton Area
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Proposed rule.
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SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing to
approve a State Implementation Plan (SIP) revision submitted on
September 13, 2017, by the Commonwealth of Kentucky, through the
Kentucky Division for Air Quality (KDAQ) in support of the
Commonwealth's separate petition requesting that EPA remove the federal
reformulated gasoline (RFG) requirements for Boone, Campbell, and
Kenton counties in the Kentucky portion of the Cincinnati-Hamilton,
Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana 2008 8-hr ozone maintenance area (hereinafter
referred to as the ``Northern Kentucky Area'' or ``Area''). The SIP
revision revises the Commonwealth's maintenance plan emissions
inventory and associated motor vehicle emissions budgets (MVEBs) to
remove reliance on emissions reductions from the federal RFG program
requirements; a program that the Commonwealth voluntarily opted into in
1995. The SIP revision also includes a non-interference demonstration
evaluating whether removing reliance on the RFG requirements in the
Northern Kentucky Area would interfere with the requirements of the
Clean Air Act (CAA or Act). EPA is proposing to approve this SIP
revision and the corresponding non-interference demonstration because
EPA has preliminarily determined that the revision is consistent with
the applicable provisions of the CAA.
DATES: Comments must be received on or before March 7, 2018.
ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID No. EPA-R04-
OAR-2017-0389 at http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the online
instructions for submitting comments. Once submitted, comments cannot
be edited or removed from Regulations.gov. EPA may publish any comment
received to its public docket. Do not submit electronically any
information you consider to be Confidential Business Information (CBI)
or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute.
Multimedia submissions (audio, video, etc.) must be accompanied by a
written comment. The written comment is considered the official comment
and should include discussion of all points you wish to make. EPA will
generally not consider comments or comment contents located outside of
the primary submission (i.e. on the web, cloud, or other file sharing
system). For additional submission methods, the full EPA public comment
policy, information about CBI or multimedia submissions, and general
guidance on making effective comments, please visit http://www2.epa.gov/dockets/commenting-epa-dockets.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Dianna Myers, Air Regulatory
Management Section, Air Planning and Implementation Branch, Air,
Pesticides and Toxics Management Division, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Region 4, 61 Forsyth Street SW, Atlanta, Georgia
30303-8960. Ms. Myers can be reached via telephone at (404) 562-9207 or
via electronic mail at Myers.Dianna@epa.gov.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. What action is being proposed?
This rulemaking proposes to approve Kentucky's September 13, 2017,
SIP revision in support of Kentucky's petition to opt-out of the
federal RFG requirements in Boone, Campbell, and Kenton Counties.\1\
Specifically, EPA is proposing to approve Kentucky's changes to the
maintenance plan mobile emissions inventory and the associated MVEBs
related to its redesignation request for the Kentucky portion of the
Cincinnati-Hamilton 2008 8-hour ozone maintenance area to reflect
removal of reliance on federal RFG requirements. As part of this
proposed approval, EPA is also proposing to find that the Commonwealth
has demonstrated that removing the federal RFG requirements in Boone,
Campbell, and Kenton Counties will not interfere with attainment or
maintenance of any national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS or
standard) or with any other applicable requirement of the CAA.
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\1\ Pursuant to 40 CFR 80.72(b), the Governor must submit a
petition to the EPA Administrator requesting removal of any opt-in
areas from the federal RFG program. The petition must include
certain specified information and any additional information
requested by the Administrator. As fully described in section III
below, if RFG is relied upon as a control measure in any approved
SIP or plan revision, the federal RFG program opt-out regulations
require that a SIP revision must be submitted. Kentucky's
maintenance plan relied upon RFG; as a result, Kentucky submitted
this SIP revision. The decision on whether to grant the opt-out
petition pursuant to 40 CFR 80.72(b) is at the discretion of the
Administrator and will be made through a separate action.
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On August 26, 2016, Kentucky submitted a 2008 8-hour ozone
redesignation request and maintenance plan for the Cincinnati-Hamilton
Area, which EPA approved on July 5, 2017 (82 FR 30976).\2\ With its
redesignation request, Kentucky included a maintenance demonstration
plan that estimates emissions through 2030 that modeled RFG because
Kentucky previously opted into the RFG program. However, through this
SIP revision, KDAQ is updating the mobile (on-road and non-road)
emissions inventory for that maintenance plan (including the MVEBs) to
reflect Kentucky's petition to opt-out of the RFG requirements for
Boone, Campbell, and Kenton counties in the Northern Kentucky Area. The
updates are summarized in Kentucky's submittal.
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\2\ The Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN Area is composed of
portions of Boone, Campbell, and Kenton Counties in Kentucky;
Butler, Clermont, Clinton, Hamilton and Warren Counties in Ohio; and
a portion of Dearborn County in Indiana. This action only pertains
to the Kentucky portion of the maintenance area.
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In support of the September 13, 2017, SIP revision, Kentucky has
evaluated whether removing reliance on the federal RFG requirements
would interfere with air quality in the Area. To make this
demonstration of noninterference, Kentucky completed a technical
analysis, including modeling, to estimate the change in emissions that
would result from removing RFG from Boone, Campbell, and Kenton
Counties in the Northern Kentucky Area.
In the noninterference demonstration, Kentucky used EPA's Motor
Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES) to develop its projected emissions
inventory according to EPA's guidance for on-road mobile sources using
[[Page 6497]]
MOVES version 2014a.\3\ Future-year on-road mobile source emissions
estimates for volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides
(NOX) for years 2020 and 2030 were generated with MOVES2014a
without RFG. Emissions estimates were interpolated for the year 2025.
The noninterference demonstration showed compliance with and
maintenance of the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS by showing that current and
future emissions of NOX and VOC remain at or below the 2014
base year emissions inventory without the use of RFG. For more detailed
information on the current approved maintenance plan, see EPA's May 1,
2017 (82 FR 20297), proposed approval of Kentucky's maintenance plan
for the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS.
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\3\ Kentucky used the NONROAD 2008 model within MOVES2014a to
develop the non-road emissions inventory to reflect the emissions
changes from removing RFG from the Northern Kentucky Area. Table 1
reflects the emissions changes.
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In this action, EPA is proposing to approve the revision to the
Commonwealth's maintenance plan emissions inventory and associated
MVEBs to remove reliance on emissions reductions from the federal RFG
program requirements, and to find that Kentucky's noninterference
demonstration supports the conclusion that removal of reliance on
federal RFG requirements in Boone, Campbell, and Kenton Counties in the
Northern Kentucky Area will not interfere with attainment or
maintenance of any NAAQS or with any other applicable requirement of
the CAA.
II. What is the background for the Northern Kentucky area?
Northern Kentucky was included in the Cincinnati-Hamilton Area
which was originally designated as a moderate nonattainment area for
the 1-hour ozone standard on November 6, 1991 (56 FR 56694). In 1995,
Kentucky voluntarily opted into the RFG program under Phase I of a two-
phase nationwide program to reduce the volatility of commercial
gasoline during the summer ozone season. Kentucky elected to stay in
the program under Phase II which was more stringent than Phase I.
On July 18, 1997, EPA promulgated a revised 8-hr ozone standard of
0.08 parts per million (ppm). This standard was more stringent than the
1-hour ozone standard. On June 19, 2000 (65 FR 37879), the Cincinnati-
Hamilton 1-hour nonattainment Area was redesignated as attainment for
the 1-hour ozone NAAQS, and was considered to be a maintenance area
subject to a CAA section 175A maintenance plan for the 1-hour ozone
NAAQS. On April 30, 2004, EPA designated the Cincinnati-Hamilton OH-KY-
IN Area under subpart 1 as a ``basic'' 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS
nonattainment area (69 FR 23857).\4\ On August 5, 2010 (75 FR 47218),
the Kentucky portion of the Cincinnati-Hamilton 1997 8-hour ozone area
was redesignated to attainment. On March 12, 2008, EPA revised both the
primary and secondary NAAQS for ozone to a level of 0.075 ppm to
provide increased protection of public health and the environment. See
73 FR 16436 (March 27, 2008). The 2008 ozone NAAQS retains the same
general form and averaging time as the 0.08 ppm NAAQS set in 1997, but
is set at a more protective level. Under EPA's regulations at 40 CFR
part 50, the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS is attained when the 3-year
average of the annual fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour average
ambient air quality ozone concentrations is less than or equal to 0.075
ppm. See 40 CFR 50.15.
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\4\ The 1997 8-hour ozone area included in its entirety Boone,
Campbell, and Kenton Counties in Kentucky and Butler, Clermont,
Clinton, Hamilton and Warren Counties in Ohio; and a portion of
Dearborn County in Indiana.
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Effective July 20, 2012, EPA designated any area that was violating
the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS based on the three most recent years (2008-
2010) of air monitoring data as a nonattainment area. See 77 FR 30088
(May 21, 2012). The Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN Area was designated
as a marginal ozone nonattainment area.\5\ See 40 CFR 81.318. Areas
that were designated as marginal nonattainment areas were required to
attain the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS as expeditiously as possible but no
later than July 20, 2015, based on 2012-2014 monitoring data. On May 4,
2016 (81 FR 26697), EPA published its determination that the
Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN Area had attained the 2008 8-hour ozone
NAAQS by the attainment deadline.
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\5\ The 2008 8-hr ozone area included portions of Boone,
Campbell, and Kenton Counties; Butler, Clermont, Clinton, Hamilton
and Warren Counties in its entirety in Ohio; and a portion of
Dearborn County in Indiana.
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III. What is the history of the reformulated gasoline requirement?
The 1990 amendments to the CAA designed the RFG program to reduce
ozone levels in the largest metropolitan areas in the country with the
worst ground-level ozone or smog problems by reducing vehicle emissions
of compounds that form ozone, specifically VOC. The 1990 CAA
amendments, specifically section 211(k)(5), directed EPA to issue
regulations that specify how gasoline can be ``reformulated'' so as to
result in significant reductions in vehicle emissions of ozone-forming
and toxic air pollutants relative to the 1990 baseline fuel, and to
require the use of such reformulated gasoline in certain ``covered
areas.'' The Act defined certain nonattainment areas as ``covered
areas'' which are required to use RFG and provided other areas with an
ability to ``opt-in'' to the federal RFG program.\6\ Of relevance here
is CAA section 211(k)(6), which provides that upon application of the
Governor of a State, the Administrator shall apply the prohibition
contained in section 211(k)(5) for areas to ``opt-in'' to the federal
RFG program. In 1993,\7\ the Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky
petitioned the Administrator to ``opt-in'' to the RFG program for the
Northern Kentucky Area which consisted of Boone, Campbell, and Kenton
Counties.
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\6\ CAA section 211(k)(5) prohibits the sale of conventional
gasoline (i.e., gasoline that the EPA has not certified as
reformulated) in certain ozone nonattainment areas beginning January
1, 1995. CAA section 211(k)(10)(D) defines the areas initially
covered by the federal RFG program as ozone nonattainment areas
having a 1980 population in excess of 250,000 and having the highest
ozone design values during the period 1987 through 1989. In
addition, under CAA section 211(k)(10)(D), any area reclassified as
a severe ozone nonattainment area under CAA section 181(b) is also
included in the federal RFG program.
\7\ A copy of Kentucky's letter is included in the docket.
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EPA first published regulations for the federal RFG program on
February 16, 1994 (59 FR 7716). These regulations constituted Phase I
of a two-phase nationwide program. A current listing of the RFG
requirements for states can be found on EPA's website at: https://www.epa.gov/gasoline-standards. The federal RFG regulations also
contain provisions, at 40 CFR 80.72, establishing criteria and
procedures for opting out of the program for those states that had
previously voluntarily opted into the program (``opt-out provisions'').
For example, the opt-out provisions require that a governor, or his or
her authorized representative, submit an opt-out petition to the
Administrator of the Agency. The opt-out petition must include certain
information, including a description of how, if at all, reformulated
gasoline has been relied upon as a control measure in any state or
local implementation plan or in any proposed plan that is pending
before EPA. This would include, for example, attainment as well as
maintenance plans. The petition must also include an explanation of
whether the state is
[[Page 6498]]
intending to submit a revision to an approved or pending plan that does
not use RFG as a control measure, and a description of alternative air
quality measures, if any, that will replace the use of RFG; a
description of the current status of any proposed revision to an
approved or pending plan that uses RFG; and a projected schedule for
the plan revision submission. See 40 CFR 80.72(b)(3) and (b)(4).
On April 18, 2017, Kentucky submitted a petition to the EPA
Administrator requesting to opt-out of the federal RFG program in the
Northern Kentucky Area and as stated above, this SIP revision is
submitted in support of that petition (particularly the requirements of
40 CFR 80.72(b)(3) and (b)(4)).\8\ Kentucky's opt-out petition will be
acted on by the Administrator in a separate action, and if approved in
that separate action, will establish the effective date of the opt-out,
which cannot be less than 90 days from the effective date of the
approval of the SIP revision that is the subject of today's proposal.
EPA will also publish a notice in the Federal Register to notify the
public of the effective date of any opt-out approval.
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\8\ A copy of the opt-out petition is included in the docket.
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IV. What are the section 110(l) requirements?
The modeling associated with KDAQ's maintenance plan for the 2008
8-hour ozone NAAQS is premised upon the future-year emissions estimates
for 2017, 2020, and 2030, which are based on the RFG requirement. To
support Kentucky's requested SIP revision to remove the maintenance
plan's reliance on the federal RFG requirements in Boone, Campbell, and
Kenton Counties, the Commonwealth must demonstrate that the requested
change will satisfy section 110(l) of the CAA. Section 110(l) requires
that a revision to the SIP not interfere with any applicable
requirement concerning attainment and reasonable further progress (as
defined in section 171), or any other applicable requirement of the
Act. Kentucky submitted a non-interference demonstration with this SIP
revision and EPA is proposing to find that the analysis demonstrates
noninterference based on an evaluation of current air quality
monitoring data and the information provided in the noninterference
demonstration.
EPA evaluates each section 110(l) noninterference demonstration on
a case-by-case basis considering the circumstances of each SIP
revision. EPA interprets section 110(l) as applying to all NAAQS that
are in effect, including those that have been promulgated but for which
EPA has not yet made designations. The degree of analysis focused on
any particular NAAQS in a noninterference demonstration varies
depending on the nature of the emissions associated with the proposed
SIP revision. EPA's section 110(l) analysis of the noninterference
demonstration included as part of Kentucky's September 13, 2017, SIP
revision is provided below.
V. What is EPA's analysis of Kentucky's submittal?
a. Overall Preliminary Conclusions Regarding Kentucky's Noninterference
Analyses
The RFG program is designed to reduce ozone levels and air toxics
in areas that are required to or volunteered to adopt the program. RFG
gasoline reduces motor vehicle emissions of the ozone precursors,
NOX and VOC (mainly VOC), through fuel reformulation. On
September 13, 2017, KDAQ submitted a SIP revision along with a
corresponding noninterference demonstration to support Kentucky's
separate petition to opt-out of the RFG requirements for Boone,
Campbell, and Kenton Counties. This noninterference demonstration
includes an evaluation of the impact that removing RFG from these
counties would have on the Area's ability to attain or maintain the
2008 ozone NAAQS and any other NAAQS in the Kentucky Area.\9\
Kentucky's noninterference analysis also evaluated the impact of the
removal of RFG on the Area's ability to attain or maintain the ozone,
particulate matter (PM),\10\ nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur
dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) NAAQS.
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\9\ The six NAAQS for which EPA establishes health and welfare
based standards are CO, lead, NO2, ozone, PM, and
SO2. RFG requirements do not have an impact on actual or
modeled lead emissions.
\10\ PM is composed of PM2.5 and PM10.
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KDAQ's noninterference analysis utilized EPA's MOVES2014a emission
modeling system to estimate emissions for years 2017, 2020, and 2030
for on-road and non-road mobile sources. See Appendix E-1 and E-2 of
the September 13, 2017, submittal for detailed modeling protocol.\11\
The NONROAD2008 model within MOVES2014a was used to model the non-road
sources. These mobile source emissions are used as part of the
evaluation of the potential impacts to the NAAQS that might result
exclusively from removing the RFG requirements. NOX and VOC
emissions were calculated for a typical summer July day.
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\11\ The modeling results and original emissions inventories for
the 2008 8-hr Redesignation Request and Maintenance Plan is included
in the docket.
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As summarized in Tables 1 and 2, below, the MOVES model projects
small increases in on-road mobile source VOC and NOX
emissions in the Northern Kentucky portion of the Cincinnati-Hamilton
OH-IN-KY 2008 8-hour Ozone Area from removing the federal RFG
requirements. On-road mobile sources include vehicles used on roads for
transportation of passengers or freight. Daily on-road mobile VOC
emissions are projected to increase by 0.25 ton in 2017 down to 0.05
ton in 2030 during the high ozone season.\12\ Daily on-road
NOX emissions are projected to increase by 0.29 ton in 2017
down to 0.06 ton in 2030. The modeling shows an overall downward trend
in on-road emissions from removing RFG from the area. Daily VOC
emissions decrease by 64.5 percent and daily NOX emissions
decrease by 74.6 percent.
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\12\ High ozone season begins June 1st and ends September 15th
of each year.
Table 1--On-Road VOC Emissions RFG vs. Non-RFG Tons per Summer Day
[TSD]
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2014 2017 2020 2025 2030
Counties --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RFG RFG Non-RFG RFG Non-RFG RFG Non-RFG RFG Non-RFG
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Boone................................................ 2.53 2.00 2.09 1.53 1.58 1.19 1.23 0.86 0.87
Campbell............................................. 1.58 1.18 1.23 0.90 0.93 0.70 0.73 0.51 0.52
Kenton............................................... 2.39 2.10 2.21 1.61 1.66 1.25 1.29 0.90 0.92
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[[Page 6499]]
NKY Totals \13\.................................. 6.50 5.28 5.53 4.03 4.18 3.14 3.25 2.26 2.31
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Emissions Increase........................... ......... 0.25
0.15
0.11
0.05
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Table 2--On-Road NOX Emissions RFG vs. Non-RFG Tons per Summer Day
[TSD]
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2014 2017 2020 2025 2030
Counties --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RFG RFG Non-RFG RFG Non-RFG RFG Non-RFG RFG Non-RFG
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Boone................................................ 5.46 4.49 4.58 3.20 3.26 2.28 2.32 1.36 1.38
Campbell............................................. 3.41 2.55 2.60 1.82 1.86 1.30 1.32 0.77 0.78
Kenton............................................... 5.17 4.54 4.69 3.24 3.30 2.30 2.35 1.37 1.40
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NKY Totals....................................... 14.04 11.58 11.87 8.26 8.42 5.88 5.99 3.50 3.56
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Emissions Increase........................... ......... 0.29
0.16
0.11
0.06
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Tables 3 and 4, below, show the total projected emissions of VOC
and NOX from all sectors in the Northern Kentucky portion of
the Cincinnati-Hamilton OH-KY-IN 2008 8-hour Ozone Area. Kentucky's
emissions inventory for its portion of the Area provides 2011
anthropogenic emissions data for NOX and VOC for the
following general source categories: Point (Electric Generating Units
and Non-Electric Generating Units and aircraft emissions),\14\ area,
non-road mobile, and on-road mobile. All emissions information provided
is based on the partial county boundaries, through the applicable
census tracts, that comprise the Kentucky portion of the Area. Tables 3
and 4, below, provides a summary of the emissions inventory.
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\13\ The totals in the column may differ slightly from the
submittal due to how the decimal places were truncated.
\14\ The emissions inventories in Kentucky's submission identify
aircraft emissions as a standalone category and refer to these
emissions as ``air emissions'' for consistency with the inventories
provided by Indiana and Ohio for their respective portions of the
Area. Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM) provided
aircraft emissions data for Kentucky, and Kentucky included these
emissions in Boone County where the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky
International Airport is located. EPA has included these emissions
within the point source category per the AERR.
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Emissions reported for 2014 assume the use of RFG for Boone,
Campbell, and Kenton Counties whereas emissions from 2017 through 2030
assume no RFG.
Table 3--Total VOC Emissions Projections All Sectors Northern Kentucky Area
[TSD]
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VOC 2014 2017 2020 2025 2030
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BOONE:
EGU.................................................. 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16
Non-EGU.............................................. 1.57 1.57 1.57 1.57 1.57
Air.................................................. 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.26 0.06
Non-road............................................. * 1.30 ** 2.25 ** 2.06 ** 2.04 ** 2.01
Area................................................. 2.56 2.46 2.41 2.38 2.36
On-road.............................................. * 2.53 ** 2.09 ** 1.58 ** 1.23 ** 0.87
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Total............................................ 8.54 8.97 8.23 7.63 7.03
CAMPBELL:
EGU.................................................. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Non-EGU.............................................. 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21
Air.................................................. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Non-road............................................. * 0.34 ** 0.55 ** 0.50 ** 0.49 ** 0.48
Area................................................. 1.26 1.23 1.22 1.21 1.19
On-road.............................................. * 1.58 ** 1.23 ** .93 ** 0.73 ** 0.52
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Total............................................ 3.4 3.23 2.87 2.65 2.40
KENTON:
EGU.................................................. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Non-EGU.............................................. 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.47
Air.................................................. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Non-road............................................. * 0.55 ** 1.01 ** 1.00 ** 1.05 ** 1.09
Area................................................. 2.43 2.35 2.31 2.28 2.25
[[Page 6500]]
On-road.............................................. * 2.39 ** 2.21 ** 1.66 ** 1.29 ** 0.92
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Total............................................ 5.88 6.07 5.46 5.10 4.73
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NKY Total.................................... 17.82 18.27 16.56 15.38 14.16
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* With RFG.
** Without RFG.
Table 4--Total NOX Emissions Projections All Sectors Northern Kentucky Area
[TSD]
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NOX 2014 2017 2020 2025 2030
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BOONE:
EGU.................................................. 7.23 7.46 7.71 7.96 8.33
Non-EGU.............................................. 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.18
Air.................................................. 2.07 2.18 2.29 1.29 0.29
Non-road............................................. * 0.88 ** 1.60 ** 1.33 ** 1.17 ** 1.00
Area................................................. 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.44
On-road.............................................. * 5.46 ** 4.58 ** 3.26 ** 2.32 ** 1.38
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Total............................................ 16.21 16.40 15.17 13.35 11.62
CAMPBELL:
EGU.................................................. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Non-EGU.............................................. 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17
Air.................................................. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Non-road............................................. * 0.32 ** 0.53 ** 0.45 ** 0.40 ** 0.35
Area................................................. 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49
On-road.............................................. * 3.41 ** 2.60 ** 1.86 ** 1.32 ** 0.78
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Total............................................ 4.39 3.79 2.97 2.38 1.79
KENTON:
EGU.................................................. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Non-EGU.............................................. 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Air.................................................. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Non-road............................................. * 0.64 ** 1.12 ** 0.93 ** 0.83 ** 0.73
Area................................................. 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02
On-road.............................................. * 5.17 ** 4.69 ** 3.30 ** 2.35 ** 1.40
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Total............................................ 6.84 6.84 5.26 4.20 3.15
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NKY Total........................................ 27.44 27.03 23.40 19.93 16.56
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* With RFG.
** Without RFG.
There were little to no changes in NOX and VOC emissions
from the point source categories that would impact the RFG removal in
the Northern Kentucky Area. The original point source categories
inventory contains actual point source emissions data for facilities
located within the nonattainment boundary for the Kentucky portion of
the Area based on the Kentucky Emissions Inventory database.\15\
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\15\ As discussed above, EPA has included aircraft emissions
within the point source category per the AERR.
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Area sources are small emission stationary sources which, due to
their large number, collectively have significant emissions (e.g., dry
cleaners, service stations). The modeling results show a reduction in
VOC emissions and little to no change in NOX emissions by
removing RFG from these sources
Non-road mobile sources include vehicles, engines, and equipment
used for construction, agriculture, recreation, and other purposes that
do not use roadways (e.g., lawn mowers, construction equipment, and
railroad locomotives). Modeling results indicate there are slight VOC
emissions increases from removing RFG. From 2017 to 2030, the VOC
emissions increases fall within a range of 0.22 tsd to 0.24 tsd in the
Northern Kentucky Area. The NOX emissions remain the same
from 2017 to 2030 when RFG is removed. See Appendix E-2 of the
submittal.\16\
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\16\ Appendix E-2 of the September 13, 2017 submittal details
the increases in non-road emissions with and without RFG.
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Overall, the modeling shows VOC emissions decrease from the 2014
attainment year to the 2030 ``out year'' by 3.66 tsd which is a 20.5
percent reduction. NOX emissions also decrease from the 2014
attainment year to the 2030 ``out year'' by 10.88 tsd which is a 39.7
percent NOX reduction without RFG in the Northern Kentucky
portion of the Cincinnati-Hamilton OH-KY-IN Area 2008 8-hour Ozone
Area.
b. Noninterference Analysis for the Ozone NAAQS
As a previous 1-hour ozone nonattainment area, Kentucky opted
Boone, Campbell, and Kenton Counties into the federal RFG requirements
for high ozone season gasoline to help bring the area into attainment
for the 1-hour ozone NAAQS. This control measure
[[Page 6501]]
continues to apply in the Northern Kentucky Area because the
Commonwealth did not, until now, petition for the removal of the
federal RFG requirements. The RFG program has contributed toward
lowering VOC and NOX emissions in the Northern Kentucky
Area. Implementation of federal control measures such as Tier 3 Motor
Vehicle Emissions and Fuel Standards,\17\ Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle
Standards and Highway Diesel Fuel Sulfur Control Requirements,\18\
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium and
Heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles-Phase 2,\19\ and Model Year 2017 and
Later Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Corporate Average
Fuel Economy Standards,\20\ along with fleet turnover, further reduced
NOX and VOC emissions in the area. As a result, the Northern
Kentucky Area was redesignated to attainment for the 1-hour ozone
NAAQS, the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS, and the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS.
The Northern Kentucky Area is continuing to meet the 1-hour ozone NAAQS
and the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS, even though these NAAQS have been
revoked,\21\ as well as the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS, based on recent
air quality monitoring data.\22\ The 2008 ozone NAAQS is met when the
annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average concentration,
averaged over 3 years is 0.075 ppm or less. The 2015 ozone NAAQS, as
published in a final rule on October 26, 2015 (80 FR 65292), is met
when the annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average
concentration, averaged over 3 years is 0.070 ppm or less. The trend in
monitoring levels for ozone for the Northern Kentucky portion of the
Cincinnati-Hamilton OH-KY-IN Area is shown in Table 5, with the current
monitoring levels for the Boone and Kenton County monitors for the
period of 2014-2016 being 0.062 ppm and 0.070 ppm, respectively.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\17\ 79 FR 23414.
\18\ 66 FR 5002.
\19\ 81 FR 73478.
\20\ 77 FR 62624.
\21\ 70 FR 44470 and 80 FR 12264, respectively.
\22\ On May 4, 2016 (81 FR 26697), EPA determined the
Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN Area attained the 2008 8-hr ozone
NAAQS by the attainment date.
Table 5--Monitoring Level Concentrations for the Northern Kentucky Area
[ppm]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4th Highest 8-hour ozone value (ppm) 3-Year 3-Year
---------------------------------------------------- design design
values values
Location Site ID (ppm) (ppm)
2013 2014 2015 2016 -------------------------
2013-2015 2014-2016
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Boone, KY................................................. 21-015-0003 0.059 0.062 0.063 0.061 0.061 0.062
Campbell, KY.............................................. 21-037-3002 0.072 0.071 0.071 0.068 0.071 0.070
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EPA also evaluated the potential increase in the VOC and
NOX precursor emissions and whether it is reasonable to
conclude that the requested removal of the RFG requirements in Northern
Kentucky during the high ozone season would cause the Area to violate
any ozone NAAQS. Table 5 shows that there is an overall downward trend
in ozone concentrations in the Northern Kentucky Area. This decline can
be attributed to federal and state programs in addition to those
mentioned above that have led to significant emissions reductions in
ozone precursors, such as the federal interstate transport rule known
as the Cross State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR), federal standards in on-
road and non-road mobile source sectors such as the Corporate Average
Fuel Economy (CAF[Eacute]) standards (See 75 FR 25324), and Tier Motor
Vehicle Emissions and Fuel Standards (79 FR 23414). Given the results
of Kentucky's emissions analysis, the downward trend in precursor
emissions, and the current ozone concentrations in the Northern
Kentucky Area, EPA is proposing to find that removing reliance on RFG
requirements in Boone, Campbell, and Kenton Counties will not interfere
with Kentucky's ability to maintain the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS.
c. Noninterference Analysis for the Carbon Monoxide NAAQS
EPA initially established NAAQS for CO on April 30, 1971 (36 FR
8186). The standards were set at 9 ppm as an 8-hour average and 35 ppm
as a 1-hour average, neither to be exceeded more than once per year. On
November 6, 1971 (56 FR 56694), EPA designated areas for the 8-hour CO
NAAQS. The Northern Kentucky counties of Boone, Campbell, and Kenton
have never been designated nonattainment for any CO NAAQS. EPA retained
the 1-hour and 8-hour CO NAAQS on August 31, 2011, and Kentucky has
continued to maintain compliance with the NAAQS due to non-RFG federal
control measures put in place. RFG requirements will have little to no
impacts on CO emissions because, as mentioned earlier, the RFG program
was developed to address emissions of the ozone precursors,
NOX and VOC. As a result, EPA is proposing to find that
removing reliance on RFG requirements in Boone, Campbell, and Kenton
Counties will not interfere with Kentucky's ability to continue
attaining the CO NAAQS.
d. Noninterference Analysis for the Particulate Matter NAAQS
The main precursor pollutants for PM2.5 are
NOX, SO2, VOC, and ammonia. As mentioned above,
the federal RFG requirements result in emissions benefits for VOC,
NOX and air toxics. Over the course of several years, EPA
has reviewed and revised the PM2.5 NAAQS a number of times.
On July 16, 1997, EPA established an annual PM2.5 NAAQS of
15.0 micrograms per cubic meter ([mu]g/m\3\), based on a 3-year average
of annual mean PM2.5 concentrations, and a 24-hour
PM2.5 NAAQS of 65 [mu]g/m\3\, based on a 3-year average of
the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentrations. See 62 FR 36852 (July
18, 1997). On September 21, 2006, EPA retained the 1997 Annual
PM2.5 NAAQS of 15.0 [mu]g/m\3\ but revised the 24-hour
PM2.5 NAAQS to 35 [mu]g/m\3\, based again on a 3-year
average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentrations. See 71 FR
61144 (October 17, 2006). The 1997 Annual PM2.5 NAAQS has
been revoked for all purposes effective October 24, 2016 (81 FR 58010).
On December 14, 2012, EPA retained the 2006 24-hour PM2.5
NAAQS of 35 [mu]g/m\3\ but revised the annual primary PM2.5
NAAQS to 12.0 [mu]g/m\3\, based again on a 3-year average of annual
mean PM2.5
[[Page 6502]]
concentrations. See 78 FR 3086 (January 15, 2013). The Northern
Kentucky area was designated as unclassifiable/attainment on April 15,
2015 (80 FR 18535).
PM2.5 levels across Kentucky declined from 1999 to 2016.
In 2016, there were 19 PM2.5 monitors in Kentucky including
one in Campbell County. The Campbell County PM2.5 monitor
calculated a 3-weighted average design value of 8.9 [mu]g/m\3\. The
largest sources of PM2.5 in Kentucky are from fires,
agriculture, dust, fuel combustion, and industrial processes.\23\
Moreover, there have been a number of studies which have indicated that
SO2 is the primary driver of PM2.5 formation in
the Southeast.\24\ Opting out of the RFG requirements in the Area will
have little to no impact on the precursor emissions as indicated by the
decline in VOC and NOX emissions in Tables 3 and 4 above.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\23\ https://www.epa.gov/air-emissions-inventories/air-emissions-sources.
\24\ See, e.g., Quantifying the sources of ozone, fine
particulate matter, and regional haze in the Southeastern United
States, Journal of Environmental Engineering (June 24, 2009),
available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479709001893?via%3Dihub.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Based on this information and the current attainment status of the
Cincinnati-Hamilton OH-KY-IN 2012 p.m.2.5 Area, EPA is
proposing to find that removing reliance on RFG requirements in Boone,
Campbell, and Kenton Counties will not interfere with Northern
Kentucky's ability to maintain the 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS.
e. Noninterference Analysis for the 2010 NO2 NAAQS
On February 9, 2010 (75 FR 6474), EPA strengthen the NO2
standards. All of the counties in Kentucky were designated
unclassifiable/attainment for the 2010 NO2 NAAQS on February
17, 2012 (77 FR 9532). There are both primary and secondary standards
for NO2. The primary NAAQS is an annual arithmetic mean that
must not exceed 53 parts per billion (ppb). A 3-year average of the
98th percentile of daily maximum 1-hr averages must not exceed 100 ppb.
The secondary standard is an annual arithmetic mean that must not
exceed 53 ppb. In 2016, Kentucky operated seven NO2
monitors, including one in Campbell County. The 2014-2016 1-hr average
design value for the Campbell County NO2 monitor is 30 ppb,
with an annual mean of 2.31 ppb. Both of these values are significantly
below the respective standards of 100 ppb and 53 ppb. Based on the
technical analysis in Kentucky's September 13, 2017, noninterference
demonstration, as shown in Table 4, there is a reduction in
NOX emissions from the 2014 attainment year to the 2030
``out year'' from 27.44 tsd to 16.56 tsd which is a 39.7 percent
reduction overall.
Based on the amount of NOX reductions, the use of
pollution control devices on power plants, industrial boilers, fleet
turnover, and other federal control measures for motor vehicles, EPA is
proposing to find that removing reliance on RFG requirements in Boone,
Campbell and Kenton Counties will not interfere with Kentucky's ability
to continue attaining the 2010 NO2 NAAQS in the Northern
Kentucky Area.
f. Noninterference Analysis for the SO2 NAAQS
On June 22, 2010 (75 FR 35520), EPA revised the SO2
standard. There are both primary and secondary standards for
SO2. The primary SO2 NAAQS is a 3-year average of
the 99th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour concentration not to
exceed 75 ppb. The secondary standard is a 3-hour concentration not to
exceed 0.5 ppm more than once per year. In 2016, Kentucky operated 12
SO2 monitors, including one in Campbell County. The Campbell
County SO2 monitor has a 2014-2016 design value of 30 ppb
for the 1-hour SO2 NAAQS.
Based on the monitoring/modeling data, EPA is proposing to find
that removing reliance on RFG requirements in Boone, Campbell, and
Kenton Counties will not interfere with Kentucky's ability to maintain
the SO2 NAAQS.
VI. Proposed Action
EPA is proposing to approve Kentucky's revision to its maintenance
plan and corresponding noninterference demonstration, submitted on
September 13, 2017, in support of Kentucky's separate petition to opt-
out of the federal RFG requirements for Boone, Campbell, and Kenton
Counties. Specifically, EPA is proposing to find that this change in
removing reliance on the federal RFG requirements for Boone, Campbell,
and Kenton Counties will not interfere with attainment or maintenance
of the NAAQS or with any other applicable requirement of the CAA.
Kentucky's September 13, 2017, SIP revision updates its maintenance
plan and the associated MVEBs related to Kentucky's redesignation
request for the Kentucky portion of the 2008 Cincinnati-Hamilton OH-IN-
KY 8-hour Ozone Area to reflect emissions changes for opting out of the
federal RFG requirements. EPA is proposing to approve the changes to
update the 2008 maintenance plan and associated 2020 and 2030 MVEBs.
The same criteria used to develop the MVEBs in the original SIP are
used for this SIP revision. See Table 6 below.
Table 6--Updated MVEBs for the Kentucky Portion of Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN Area
[TSD]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2020 2030
---------------------------------------------------------------
NOX VOC NOX VOC
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
On-Road Emissions............................... 8.42 4.17 3.56 2.31
Safety Margin................................... .61 .19 1.63 .55
MVEBs with Safety Margin........................ 9.03 4.36 5.19 2.86
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EPA has preliminarily determined that Kentucky's September 13,
2017, SIP revision is consistent with the applicable provisions of the
CAA, including section 110(l). In this action, EPA is not proposing to
act on the Commonwealth's opt-out petition to the EPA Administrator to
remove the federal RFG requirement for Boone, Campbell, and Kenton
Counties. Any decision by the Administrator on the opt-out petition
would occur in a separate action.
VII. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews
Under the CAA, the Administrator is required to approve a SIP
submission that complies with the provisions of the Act and applicable
Federal regulations. See 42 U.S.C. 7410(k); 40 CFR 52.02(a). Thus, in
reviewing SIP submissions,
[[Page 6503]]
EPA's role is to approve state choices, provided that they meet the
criteria of the CAA. This action merely proposes to approve changes to
the Commonwealth's maintenance plan emissions inventory and associated
MVEBs to remove reliance on emissions reductions from the federal RFG
program requirements. For that reason, this proposed action:
Is not a significant regulatory action subject to review
by the Office of Management and Budget under Executive Orders 12866 (58
FR 51735, October 4, 1993) and 13563 (76 FR 3821, January 21, 2011);
Is not an Executive Order 13771 (82 FR 9339, February 2,
2017) regulatory action because SIP approvals are exempted under
Executive Order 12866.
Does not impose an information collection burden under the
provisions of the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.);
Is certified as not having a significant economic impact
on a substantial number of small entities under the Regulatory
Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.);
Does not contain any unfunded mandate or significantly or
uniquely affect small governments, as described in the Unfunded
Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-4);
Does not have Federalism implications as specified in
Executive Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999);
Is not an economically significant regulatory action based
on health or safety risks subject to Executive Order 13045 (62 FR
19885, April 23, 1997);
Is not a significant regulatory action subject to
Executive Order 13211 (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001);
Is not subject to requirements of Section 12(d) of the
National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (15 U.S.C. 272
note) because application of those requirements would be inconsistent
with the CAA; and
Does not provide EPA with the discretionary authority to
address, as appropriate, disproportionate human health or environmental
effects, using practicable and legally permissible methods, under
Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994).
The SIP is not approved to apply on any Indian reservation land or in
any other area where EPA or an Indian tribe has demonstrated that a
tribe has jurisdiction. In those areas of Indian country, the
rulemaking does not have tribal implications as specified by Executive
Order 13175 (65 FR 67249, November 9, 2000), nor will it impose
substantial direct costs on tribal governments or preempt tribal law.
List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 52
Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Incorporation by
reference, Intergovernmental relations, Nitrogen dioxide, Ozone,
Particulate matter, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Volatile
organic compounds.
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.
Dated: February 6, 2018.
Onis ``Trey'' Glenn, III,
Regional Administrator, Region 4.
[FR Doc. 2018-03078 Filed 2-13-18; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P