Henry Ford’s Own Story |
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FORD was now a man of nearly 30, an insignificant, unimportant unit in the business world of Detroit, merely one of the subordinate man agers in the Edison plant. Seeing him on his way home from work, a slender, stooping, poorly dressed man, the firm set of his lips hidden by the sandy mustache he wore then, and his blue eyes already surrounded by a network of tired wrinkles, men probably looked at him half -pity ingly, and said : "There s a man who will never get anywhere."
He had his farm, unprofitable since he had left it, a small home partly paid for, and the little gas engine, to show for fourteen years of hard work.
Probably he received more than one letter from his father and brothers in Greenfield, urging him to come back to the farm, where he and his wife might live comfortably among their old friends, and he need not work so hard. It would have seemed a wise move.
But with the completion of the little one-cylinder, high-speed engine, Ford was more than ever possessed by his idea. He brought one or two of the men from the Edison shop to see it. They watched it whirring away on its pedestal of blocks, they examined its large cylinder, its short- stroke piston, noted its power, and looked at Ford with some increased respect. But most of them were nevertheless doubtful of the success of the automobile. The idea of a horseless carriage in general use still seemed to them fantastic.
"Well, looks like you could make it go," they conceded. "But it s going to be pretty expensive to run. Not many people ll want to buy it. And where will you get the capital to manufacture it?**
"I m making it cheap. I m going to make it cheap enough so every man in this country can have one before I m through/ Ford said.
Already his belief that "a thing isn t any good unless it s good for everybody" was taking form. He did not intend to make a few high- priced toys for wealthy men ; he planned to make something useful for thousands of men like him self, who were wasting money in keeping idle horses, as he had done on the farm. He still meant to make a farm tractor, as soon as he had worked out the principle of a self-propelling ma chine.
As to the capital, he believed that question would take care of itself when the time came. His job was to make the machine, and he did not waste time telling himself that there was no chance for a poor man.
The problem of transmitting the power of the engine to the wheels now engrossed his attention.
He brought home materials for a light buggy frame and built it. Four old bicycle wheels were repaired, fitted with heavy rims and large pneumatic tires, and placed on the axles. The question then was how to attach the engine.
To us, familiar with automobiles, it seems simple enough, but when Ford stood in the old shed, looking at the buggy frame and then at the little engine, he was attempting a feat that had never been accomplished.
Always before, carriages had been pulled. Naturally enough his first thought was to apply the power of the engine to the front wheels. Then how sho\ild he steer? What mechanism should he use, powerful enough to turn the hind wheels, against the pull of the engine, and flexible enough to respond quickly and make a sharp turn?
Then there was the problem of the throttle, and the gears. The machine must be able to go more slowly, or to pick up speed again, without shutting off the power. The driver must be able, when necessary, to throw off the power entirely, and to apply it quickly again, without stopping the engine.
All these vexing questions, and many minor ones, were to be solved, and always there was the big question of simplicity. The machine must be cheap.
"I m building this thing so it will be useful/ Ford said once while he was in the thick of his perplexities. "There isn t any object in working at it unless it will be useful, and it won t be use ful unless it s cheap enough so common people can have it, and do their work with it."
The essential democracy of the man spoke then. It is the distinctly American viewpoint of the man who for years had fought sun and wind and weather, tearing his food and shelter from the stubborn grasp of the soil, and who now struggles with mechanical obstacles, determined in spite of them to make something for practical use. His standards of value were not beauty or ease of luxury. He wanted to make a machine that would do the greatest possible quantity of good, hard work.
His third winter in the house on Edison avenue arrived, and still the automobile was not completed. When he went out to work in the old shed after supper he lighted a fire in the rusty heating stove, set up in a corner, and often Mrs. Ford came out and sat on a box, watching while he fitted parts together or tried different trans mission devices.
He had settled finally on a leather belt, pass ing over the flywheel and connecting with the rear axle. A pulley arrangement, controlled by a lever, tightened or loosened this belt, thus in creasing or decreasing the speed of the automobile. That broad strip of leather, inclosed, run ning from the engine on the rear axle to the pulley under the front seat, was the parent of the planetary system of transmission.
Ford worked on it all winter. It was a lonely time for Mrs. Ford, for the general attitude of the neighborhood toward her husband had roused her good country temper, and she "refused to have anything to do with people who talked like that." She knew Henry was perfectly sane, a better husband than most of them had, too, and anyhow it was none of their business how Henry spent his time, and if they didn t like, they could lump it.
Nevertheless, as the winter days followed each other in an apparently endless procession, she grew moody. The baby was coming, and she was homesick for Greenfield and the big, comfortable country home, with friends running in and out, and the sound of sleighbells jingling past on the road outside.
She put the little house to rights in the morn ing, and faced a long, lonely day. She sewed a while, wandered about the rooms, looking out on the dreary little street, with its scattered houses and dirty trampled snow, yawned, and counted the hours till her husband would come home for supper.
When he came, she had the house warm and bright, the table set, hot biscuits browning in the oven. She dished up the food, poured the tea, brought the hot plates. They sat down to eat and talk, and the minutes seemed to fly. Before she had said half she had stored up through the day, before Henry had more than begun to talk, he pushed back his plate, drank his tea, and said : "Well, I must be getting to work." Then he went out to the shed and forgot her in the ab sorbing interest of the automobile.
"Oh, when is it going to be finished!" she said one night, after she had been sitting for a long time in silence, watching him at work on it. She began the sentence cheerfully, but she caught her breath at the end and began to cry. "I c-can t help it, I m sorry. I w-want to go home to Green field!" she said.
Ford was testing the steering gear. He dropped his tools in surprise, and went over to comfort her.
"There, there!" he said, I suppose patting her back clumsily, in the awkward way of a man un accustomed to quieting a sobbing woman. "It s done now. It s practically done now. It just needs a little more "
She interrupted him. She said his horrid old engine was always "just needing a little more." She said she wanted him to take her back to Greenfield. Wouldn t he please, just for a little while, take her home to Greenfield?
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